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2012 in review

The WordPress.com stats helper monkeys prepared a 2012 annual report for this blog.

Here’s an excerpt:

The new Boeing 787 Dreamliner can carry about 250 passengers. This blog was viewed about 1,300 times in 2012. If it were a Dreamliner, it would take about 5 trips to carry that many people.

Click here to see the complete report.

The High Cost of Staying Out of Politics in Haiti

Published by the Miami Herald on Novermber 2, 2012

http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/11/02/v-fullstory/3079790/the-high-cost-of-staying-out-of.html

By Frandley Denis Julien

Haiti has never been a better illustration than now of Edmund Burke’s quote that “All it takes for evil to triumph is for good people to do nothing.” Traditionally, a huge portion of the country’s population has always prided itself in belonging to the “silent majority,” leaving the political scene to vagabonds and the bravest of serious souls. An understandable — albeit, not excusable — reason is the fact that Haiti’s successive dictatorial regimes, particularly the Duvaliers, have raised the killing of political opponents to the level of a national sport. Being in the silent majority was a manifestation of our survival instinct at its best.
However, well-educated citizens of good will should have known that their choice to generally refrain from participating in the political process would lead the country exactly where it is now, with successive incompetent governments and the exponential deterioration of the population’s living conditions. Moreover, the premise that abstention from politics would guarantee longevity could not be farther from the truth today. Quiet, law-abiding citizens are killed, kidnapped, raped on a daily basis in today’s Port-au-Prince; everybody is at the mercy of the all-powerful gangs.
During the past couple of months, there have been more and more protests against President Martelly’s stewardship of the country. Instead of listening to the population’s grievances expressed through numerous street demonstrations, the president, upon returning from the United Nations, countered with a march of his own, leading a crowd of his partisans and state employees through the nine miles separating the international airport from the National Palace.
That says a lot about a man who is used to winning on decibels, not on substance. His government has taken nepotism to a new level, with both his wife and young son heading powerful commissions generously funded at the expense of, and undertaking tasks that already fall in the purview of, existing cabinet ministries, with no accountability whatsoever.
On the other hand, the group that has taken the lead of the popular discontent has no credibility, and cannot offer a viable alternative to the Martelly debacle. It sits at the same table as a senator who has been cited by the Organization of American States (OAS) as a diligent human rights violator during Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s regime and a former congressman who, until recently, was accusing that senator of killing his brother. Furthermore, the latest opposition march held in Cap-Haitien was initiated by Initiative Citoyenne — a civic organization of which several followers were victimized by the Lavalas regime — in collaboration with representatives of that same regime, without any thought of justice for the souls of those who fell, or reparation for those who are still carrying the stigma of their injuries.
Therefore, this type of opposition to Martelly, because it is an amalgam of former human-rights violators and leaders displaying a total lack of political values who are willing to associate themselves with yesterday’s devil to get rid of today’s fiend at the expense of justice and the rule of law, harbingers nothing positive for the country. However, because these opposition leaders have a deficit of credibility does not mean they cannot overthrow the government.
The Haitian people, just like they voted Martelly into office to get rid of the traditional political class — knowing all along that they could not expect much from him aside from an end to the rampant corruption that has been plaguing the country — is very likely to use these same actors to topple Martelly out of buyer’s remorse. The only one who would benefit from Martelly’s premature ouster is former President Aristide — human-rights violator in chief — who, crouched in the shadows, is pulling strings while waiting for the spoils. His longtime allies from the Congressional Black Caucus in the United States have already reported to duty, with two press releases denouncing the Martelly administration in less than two months, ending a long hiatus from Haitian politics.
It is about time that the silent majority both within Haiti and in the diaspora realizes that its abstention strategy is as unpatriotic as it is suicidal. Today, no one is more secure in Haiti because he or she keeps away from politics. The all-powerful gangs are equal-opportunity killers, rapists and thieves. The Haitian people deserve to stop being asked to choose between bad and worse. Haiti is in dire need of a qualitative renewal of its political personnel, and that is only feasible if qualified people start running to become mayors, parliamentarians and president, and if equally qualified people are willing to support and vote for them. That good people remain passive, and silence is all evil needs to triumph.
Frandley Julien studies law at Florida International University. He was coordinator of the Initiative Citoyenne, a civic group in Cap-Haitien, Haiti in 2001-04.

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Read more here: http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/11/02/v-fullstory/3079790/the-high-cost-of-staying-out-of.html#storylink=cpy

Haitian Leaders Avoid Root Problems

Published by The Sun Sentinel on September 30, 2012 @: http://www.sun-sentinel.com/fl-haiti-oped0930-20120930,0,7872001.story

 

 

By Frandley JulienSeptember 30, 2012

Those who follow Haitian politics closely have noticed that, for the last 25 years, no government has matched the current team’s ability to come up with innovative ideas, or their eagerness to achieve quick results. However, one’s enthusiasm is quickly dampened upon the realization that no other government has had so little institutional knowledge either.

Therefore, the current government’s entrepreneurial spirit, uplifting at first, may mean more trouble for the country if its innovative drive is unleashed with little respect for the institutions, and without a clear understanding of what it would take to achieve irreversible democratic, economic and social progress.

The current government approaches Haiti’s challenges as if it were a new country, with no history or antecedents. Everybody agrees Haiti has a great potential for tourism, that its hard-working people could constitute the ideal workforce for scores of local and foreign businesses.

But what the government fails to realize is that until Duvalier’s departure, thousands of tourists were visiting Haiti on a weekly basis, that all the jobs we are trying to attract, we had them until then. Why did these enterprises leave? Why did the tourists stop visiting us? The answer is a no-brainer: political instability and insecurity.

How can we expect to attract tourists and jobs again if nothing is being done to tackle the root causes of the problem, and introduce the rule of law in the national lexicon? It would hurt the country more to start attracting foreign investments while it is not ready, and see them leave precipitously in a cloud of negative publicity, than to take the time to put one foot ahead of the other, and establish a clear plan to welcome foreign capital and visitors according to a well-planned timetable.

In a country like Haiti, with a long history of social injustice, the government needs to realize that an equitable distribution of the national wealth cannot be left to happenstance, and that strict guidelines and policies need to be implemented to achieve just that.

So far, the reconstruction has only benefitted the traditional movers and shakers, with major international donors attributing sizable sums of money to already well-established private actors, at the expense of much needed public infrastructures and budding young entrepreneurs.

Unfortunately, the government’s business mentality is driven by the urge to quickly “break-even,” consisting in scoring a few quick political points aiming at proving that things are moving in the right direction. However, for Haiti to get out of its abyss, it needs a government that subscribes to the need to implement structural policies, irrespective of their initial unpopularity or the time it takes to achieve results, as long as social programs are implemented to address the punctual needs of the weakest and neediest citizens.

If the current government really embodies the kind of change on which promise it was elected, it should refrain from the traditional tendency to adopt populist decisions that take advantage of the people’s weaknesses while aggravating their living conditions.

After its second carnival in less than 6 months, with the second one — the Carnival of Flowers, a resurrection of the Duvalier era — costing $1.5 million to a country that had to postpone the start of the new school year due to a shortage of funds, it is obvious which path the government has decided to take. Innovation in government is often a positive trait, but when combined with hubris, social amnesia and institutional ignorance, it is nothing short of a formula for disaster.

Frandley Julien studies law at Florida International University.

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Beyond governments: the Haitian people

Published by the Miami Herald on 4/28/2012 at

http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/04/27/v-fullstory/2771747/beyond-governments-the-haitian.html

 

BY FRANDLEY JULIEN

FRANDLEYJULIEN@GMAIL.COM

After the Jan. 12, 2010 earthquake, a new layer of emergencies — a devastating cholera outbreak, several hundred thousand families living in makeshift tent cities after having lost their children and/or breadwinners, and the destruction of the country’s already scarce, inadequate and overly centralized infrastructures — grafted onto Haiti’s already thick strata of predicaments.

Instead of stepping up to lead the country in the search and rescue, then recovery efforts after a challenge of such a magnitude, then-President René Préval initially went AWOL. (If there was a Nobel Prize for carelessness he would have earned it 10 years in a row, although, to his credit, he was the only one of the recent presidents to have guaranteed free speech.) Then, in complete disregard for those who were really affected by the quake, Préval complained on international TV that “his” palace had been destroyed.

In such a climate of helplessness, one can easily understand that, shaken by the enormity of the earthquake’s death toll — primarily attributable to the chronic failure of a long line of incompetent and negligent governments to implement and enforce a strong construction code — and by the ineptness manifested by Préval and his government, who could not even provide a landing pad and a berthing place to the humanitarian support coming from abroad in a timely manner, the people decided to make the subsequent presidential election a referendum on the performance of the political class. What is less fathomable, though, is the fact that, to take the helm of a country whose main problems hinge around the weakness of the institutions and the inability to institute and maintain the rule of law, we decided to elect a gentleman who prides himself in being a nihilist, one who, had the institutions been a tad stronger, would have repeatedly faced the wrath of the law at least for indecent exposure and lewd and lascivious behavior.

Today, almost a year after President Martelly’s inauguration, and despite his campaign pledge of a personality overhaul, he has left Sweet Micky — his mercurial musical persona— overshadow his presidency.

Martelly has become hostile to the independent media. He publicly insulted a reporter who dared to ask him a legitimate question, and displayed a behavioral pattern unbecoming of a president in his interaction with parliament, which foreshadows a term marked by recurrent political crises, given that in Haiti’s parliamentary system, he is accountable to that body. If the claims made by Dominican investigative journalist Nuria Piera that both President Martelly and his former rival, Myrlande Manigat, have received substantial amounts of money — $2.5 million for Martelly before and after he was elected, $250,000 for Manigat during the campaign — from Dominican senator and entrepreneur Felix Bautista to protect construction contracts irregularly obtained by the latter’s companies from former Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive are true, Martelly’s credibility and ability to govern will be seriously damaged.

His business diplomacy doctrine, at first an innovative and commendable approach, would automatically lose its appeal as it would be perceived as a mere smokescreen for the team’s shady dealings.

Unfortunately, for the last quarter century, possible investors and international institutions have focused too much attention on our governments, losing sight of Haiti’s hard-working population, youthful workforce and the innate entrepreneurial spirit of its inhabitants. Because of this oversight, Haiti has missed several golden opportunities over the years.

Today, it is important that the international community realize that just like some American presidents have not been a perfect reflection of the United States’ true soul, Haiti cannot be summed up by the unfitness of its decision makers chosen through a young and nascent democratic experience. Those who want to build lasting business ventures in Haiti have to go beyond the ephemeral faces of Haitian statesmen to consider the country’s hidden opportunities, avoid being babysat by covetous government officials, and develop an understanding of what the country has to offer that is deeper than the hasty sketches etched by the media. As one of the world’s major cruise lines can testify, Haitians are very respectful, grateful and protective of foreign investments.

On the other hand, the international financial institutions need to start bankrolling less governmental initiatives, and commit more funds to the tens of thousands of young entrepreneurs who do not lack innovative ideas, but cannot get access to credit because of their modest origin. What Haiti needs today is not another generation of politicians creating an oligarchy by keeping for themselves all the opportunities by either becoming partners in, or receiving kickbacks from, every significant business venture in the country, but, rather, a revival of its impoverished middle class and the humanization and progressive improvement of the conditions of its poorest citizens.

Frandley Julien studied English at Florida International University. From 2001 to 2004, he served as coordinator and spokesperson for Initiative Citoyenne (Citizens’ Initiative) in Cap-Haitien, Haiti.

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The Handicap of Definition

The Handicap of Definition

William Raspberry

Washington Post: 6 January 1982

 

I know all about bad schools, mean politicians, economic deprivation and racism.  Still, it occurs to me that one of the heaviest burdens black Americans—and black children in particular—have to bear is the handicap of definition: the question of what it means to be black.

 

Let me explain quickly what I mean.  If a basketball fan says that the Boston Celtics’ Larry Bird (3-time NBA MVP and 12-time NBA all star) plays “black,” the fan intends it—and Bird probably accepts it—as a compliment.  Tell pop singer Tom Jones (still a fixture in Las Vegas) he moves “black” and he might grin in appreciation.  Say to a Teena Marie (for over two decades she recorded to Motown) or the Average White Band that they sound “black” and they’ll thank you.

 

But name one pursuit, aside from athletics, entertainment, or sexual performance in which a white practitioner will feel complimented to be told he does it “black.”  Tell a white broadcaster he talks black and he’ll sign up for diction lessons.  Tell a white reporter that he writes “black” and he’ll take a writing course.  Tell a white lawyer that he reasons “black” and he might sue you for slander.

 

What we have here is a tragically limited definition of blackness, and it isn’t only white people who buy it.

 

Think of all the ways black children can put one another down with charges of “whiteness.”  For many of these children, hard study and hard work are “white.”  Trying to please a teacher might be criticized as acting “white.”  Speaking correct English is “white.”  Scrimping today in the interest of tomorrow’s goal is “white.”  Educational toys and games are “white.”

 

An incredible array of habits and attitudes that are conducive to success in business, in academia, in the nonentertainment professions are likely thought of as somehow “white.”  Even economic success, unless it involves such “black” undertakings as numbers banking, is defined as “white.”

 

And the results are devastating.  I wouldn’t deny that blacks often are better entertainers and athletes.  My point is the harm that comes from too narrow a definition of what is black.

 

One reason black youngsters tend to do better at basketball, for instance is that they assume they can learn to do it well, and so they practice constantly to prove themselves right.

 

Wouldn’t it be wonderful if we could infect black children with the notion that excellence in math is “black” rather than white, or possibly Chinese?  Wouldn’t it be of enormous value if we could create the myth that morality, strong families, determination, courage and love of learning are traits brought by slaves from Mother Africa and therefore quintessentially black?

 

There is no doubt in my mind that most black youngsters could develop their mathematical reasoning, their elocution and their attitudes the way they develop their jump shots and their dance steps: by the combination of sustained, enthusiastic practice and the unquestioned belief that they can do it.

 

In one sense, what I am talking about is the importance of developing positive ethnic traditions.  Maybe Jews have an innate talent for communication; maybe the Chinese are born with a gift from mathematical reasoning, maybe blacks are naturally blessed with athletic grace, I doubt it.  What is at work, I suspect, is assumption, inculcated early in their lives, that this is a thing our people do well.

 

Unfortunately, many of the things about which blacks make this assumption are things that do not contribute to their career success—except for that handful of the truly gifted who can make it as entertainers and athletes.  And many of the things we concede to whites are things that are essential to economic security.

 

So it is with a number of assumptions black youngsters make about what it is to be a “man”: physical aggressiveness, sexual prowess, the refusal to submit to authority.  The prisons are full of people who, by this perverted definition, are unmistakably men.

 

But the real problem is not so much that the things defined as “black” are negative.  The problem is that the definition is much too narrow.

 

Somehow, we have to make our children understand that they are intelligent, competent people, capable of doing whatever they put their minds to and making it in the American mainstream, not just in a black subculture.

 

What we seem to be doing instead, is raising up yet another generation of young blacks who will be failures—by definition.

How we Haitians Can turn the January 12th Earthquake into an Opportunity

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The outpouring of support bestowed on Haiti by the international community is as comforting in its compassion as the Earthquake was unforgiving in its destructive rage. This disaster has created such an awareness of Haiti’s subhuman misery, that some foreign journalists have reached unprecedented levels of compassionate reporting, while private citizens from all over the world are setting records in donations, at a time of global economic uncertainty, to say the least.

          It is, however, important we all realize that what happened in Haiti on January 12th was not just an earthquake, but rather the foretold encounter between a natural disaster and decades of poor human decisions. Therefore, if the international aid is not matched by a drastic paradigm shift from us Haitians in all aspects pertaining to our social contract, there is no rationale behind rebuilding Port-au-Prince, Jacmel, Leogane and Les Cayes. Unfortunately, we have done nothing so far to distill the part of human causation in the catastrophe, thus creating the conditions for similar tragedies to be recurrent. A comparative analysis with the situation in Chile — hit a few days later by an earthquake 500 times stronger than the one that destroyed Port-au-Prince— should be edifying enough in determining the role played by human decisions, or lack thereof, in maximizing the impact of the disaster in Haiti.

The earthquake took all us Haitians by surprise, from our president whose deficit of common sense—among other critical shortages—was displayed on global TV, to our failed elites who had to wake up and smell the coffee for a change, to the masses that have been freely and enthusiastically making poor choices at the ballot for the last two decades, to the diaspora that is unable to find a way back toward total integration in its own country without violating the law of the land, despite being the main source of revenue to the impoverished nation.
Today, Haiti is at a crossroads where we have to make some drastic decisions as to what—from a very heteroclite historical baggage—to jettison and what to bring along with us in the new post January 12th era. While the entire world has been mesmerized by our resilience, we must realize that if this energy is not properly channeled toward a redefinition of the rules of the game, the predicament at hand will get the best of us. The greatness of a nation has more to do with recognizing the defining moments and rising up to them, than with constantly referring to a glorious past when the expectations of the present are not met.

Today, we have to make a decisive choice between a government with not even an evacuation plan for the president, and one that can lead us with confidence through an era of development and prosperity, between a backward-looking mentality and a forward-looking mindset, between individual survival and a collective vista on the future, between corruption and accountability, between self-serving leaders and true public servants, between dependency and self-sustainability.

Neither a well-written plan, nor all the money in the world can solve Haiti’s problems. For a country to achieve sustained development and irreversible democracy, its institutions must rely on a strong conceptual framework, defined by the social contract. The United-States with the “Federalist Papers’, France with the “5th Republic”, Canada with the “Quiet Revolution”, the first quite early, and the two others rather late in their History, have taken the time to shape their institutions in accordance with their values and aspirations. As for us Haitians, soon after our independence, we woke up with a de facto social contract consecrating the survival of the fittest, and a broken social ladder; throughout our History, public corruption, tax evasion, illicit enrichment and drug trafficking have been the factors through which upward mobility is achieved. It is essential that we fix the social ladder by democratizing and improving our educational system, and by starting to enforce our laws. A better educated people will shift from the cult of personality to the valorization of ideas in its political choices.

As Port-au-Prince has been turned into Ground Zero, the government would be well-inspired to show some humility and belated leadership by calling for a political truce, and devoting the remainder of the president’s term to the organization of a National Conference. This event would gather representatives from all sectors and regions of the country along with the diaspora, in an effort to:
- Define a consensual vision for the next 50 years.
- Revise the constitution.
- Perform our autocriticism and identify the cultural and institutional barriers that prevent Haitian citizens from succeeding at home, while they thrive abroad.
- Fix the social ladder that has been broken for some 200 years.
The National Conference would have to produce clear answers to three fundamental questions:
1- How to contain the natural penchant of all governments to strip the citizenry of the exercise of national sovereignty. Addressing this question will allow us to redesign our institutions in a way that prevents authoritative deviances, by establishing an effective system of checks and balances.
2- How, through the definition of a consensual vision, to integrate the interests of all in the determination of the collective interest. It is time that everyone be invited to the table for the long overdue upfront sharing of the national little pie. Once the national vision defined, everyone will be able to envision their own upward mobility and that of their progeny over time, within the bigger picture of a vibrant and developing country.
3- How to instill in each Haitian the sense of belonging without which there is no social link. Once it is determined that everyone had been given a level playing field, all of us will be eager to build the new Haiti, knowing that the fruits of the prosperity to come will be distributed according to the principles of justice and equity.
The National Conference will also provide us with an opportunity to perform the psychoanalysis of ourselves. Our current mentality eloquently expressed through our “popular wisdom” is incompatible with progress and development. Sayings like “pito nou led nou la” (we’d better be ugly than dead) “lower our expectations, whereas those like “depi nan ginen ne gap trayi neg” (Since Africa Negroes have been betraying Negroes) are divisive. We need to boost our national self-esteem and start believing in the likelihood of the Haitian dream. Until we reach this level of collective consciousness, we will not be able to achieve prosperity, irrespective of the amount of money the International Community injects into our economy.

At this defining moment of Haiti’s tumultuous History, those who have experienced the earthquake firsthand are rightly afraid of what the future has in store for the country. By striking us blindly and indistinctly, the earthquake has reminded us that we are sharing the same boat, and that none of us can make it to shore while others are sinking. If we can outgrow our differences and commit to creating a normal country with only normal problems, we can turn January 12th into the long overdue wake up call. If not, the next tragedy will surprise us in our sleep.

Frandley Denis Julien

January 15th, 2010
Fjuli001@fiu.edu

 

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Christopher Columbus Praising Haiti’s Riches, the good nature of its inhabitants in this letter to Lord Sanchez!!!


Christopher Columbus

Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez

14 March 1493

Letter addressed to the noble Lord Raphael Sanchez, Treasurer to their most invincible Majesties, Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, by Christopher Columbus, to whom our age is greatly indebted, treating of the islands of India secently discovered beyond the Ganges, to explore which he had been sent eight months before under the auspices and at the expense of their said Majesties.

KNOWING that it will afford you pleasure to learn that I have brought my undertaking to a successful termination, I have decided upon writing you this letter to acquaint you with all the events which have occurred in my voyage, and the discoveries which have resulted from it.

Thirty-three days after my departure from Cadiz I reached the Indian sea, where I discovered many islands, thickly peopled, of which I took possession without resistance in the name of our most illustrious Monarch, by public proclamation and with unfurled banners. To the first of these islands, which is called by the Indians Guanahani, I gave the name of the blessed Saviour (San Salvador), relying upon whose protection I had reached this as well as the other islands; to each of these I also gave a name, ordering that one should be called Santa Maria de la Concepcion, another Fernandina, the third Isabella, the fourth Juana, and so with all the rest respectively.

As soon as we arrived at that, which as I have said was named Juana, I proceeded along its coast a short distance westward, and found it to be so large and apparently without termination, that I could not suppose it to be an island, but the continental province of Cathay. Seeing, however, no towns or populous places on the sea coast, but only a few detached houses and cottages, with whose inhabitants I was unable to communicate, because they fled as soon as they saw us, I went further on, thinking that in my progress I should certainly find some city or village. At length, after proceeding a great way and finding that nothing new presented itself, and that the line of coast was leading us northwards (which I wished to avoid, because it was winter, and it was my intention to move southwards; and because moreover the winds were contrary), I resolved not to attempt any further progress, but rather to turn back and retrace my course to a certain bay that I had observed, and from which I afterwards dispatched two of our men to ascertain whether there were a king or any cities in that province. These men reconnoitered the country for three days, and found a most numerous population, and great numbers of houses, though small, and built without any regard to order: with which information they returned to us.

In the mean time I had learned from some Indians whom I had seized, that that country was certainly an island: and therefore I sailed towards the east, coasting to the distance of three hundred and twenty- two miles, which brought us to the extremity of it; from this point I saw lying eastwards another island, fifty-four miles distant from Juana, to which I gave the name of Espanola: I went thither, and steered my course eastward as I had done at Juana, even to the distance of five hundred and sixty-four miles along the north coast.

This said island of Juana is exceedingly fertile, as indeed are all the others; it is surrounded with many bays, spacious, very secure, and surpassing any that I have ever seen; numerous large and healthful rivers intersect it, and it also contains many very lofty mountains. All these islands are very beautiful, and distinguished by a diversity of scenery; they are filled with a great variety of trees of immense height, and which I believe to retain their foliage in all seasons; for when I saw them they were as verdant and luxuriant as they usually are in Spain in the month of May,–some of them were blossoming, some bearing fruit, and all flourishing in the greatest perfection, according to their respective stages of growth, and the nature and quality of each: yet the islands are not so thickly wooded as to be impassable. The nightingale and various birds were singing in countless numbers, and that in November, the month in which I arrived there. There are besides in the same island of Juana seven or eight kinds of palm trees, which, like all the other trees, herbs, and fruits, considerably surpass ours in height and beauty. The pines also are very handsome, and there are very extensive fields and meadows, a variety of birds, different kinds of honey, and many sorts of metals, but no iron.

In that island also which I have before said we named Espanola, there are mountains of very great size and beauty, vast plains, groves, and very fruitful fields, admirably adapted for tillage, pasture, and habitation. The convenience and excellence of the harbours in this island, and the abundance of the rivers, so indispensable to the health of man, surpass anything that would be believed by one who had not seen it. The trees, herbage, and fruits of Espanola are very different from those of Juana, and moreover it abounds in various kinds of spices, gold, and other metals.

The inhabitants of both sexes in this island, and in all the others which I have seen, or of which I have received information, go always naked as they were born, with the exception of some of the women, who use the covering of a leaf, or small bough, or an apron of cotton which they prepare for that purpose. None of them, as I have already said, are possessed of any iron, neither have they weapons, being unacquainted with, and indeed incompetent to use them, not from any deformity of body (for they are well-formed), but because they are timid and full of fear. They carry however in lieu of arms, canes dried in the sun, on the ends of which they fix heads of dried wood sharpened to a point, and even these they dare not use habitually; for it has often occurred when I have sent two or three of my men to any of the villages to speak with the natives, that they have come out in a disorderly troop, and have fled in such haste at the approach of our men, that the fathers forsook their children and the children their fathers. This timidity did not arise from any loss or injury that they had received from us; for, on the contrary, I gave to all I approached whatever articles I had about me, such as cloth and many other things, taking nothing of theirs in return: but they are naturally timid and fearful. As soon however as they see that they are safe, and have laid aside all fear, they are very simple and honest, and exceedingly liberal with all they have; none of them refusing any thing he may possess when he is asked for it, but on the contrary inviting us to ask them. They exhibit great love towards all others in preference to themselves: they also give objects of great value for trifles, and content themselves with very little or nothing in return. I however forbad that these trifles and articles of no value (such as pieces of dishes, plates, and glass, keys, and leather straps) should be given to them, although if they could obtain them, they imagined themselves to be possessed of the most beautiful trinkets in the world.

It even happened that a sailor received for a leather strap as much gold as was worth three golden nobles, and for things of more trifling value offered by our men, especially newly coined blancas, or any gold coins, the Indians would give whatever the seller required; as, for instance, an ounce and a half or two ounces of gold, or thirty or forty pounds of cotton, with which commodity they were already acquainted. Thus they bartered, like idiots,cotton and gold for fragments of bows, glasses, bottles, and jars; which I forbad as being unjust, and myself gave them many beautiful and acceptable articles which I had brought with me, taking nothing from them in return; I did this in order that I might the more easily conciliate them, that they might be led to become Christians, and be inclined to entertain a regard for the King and Queen, our Princes and all Spaniards, and that I might induce them to take an interest in seeking out, and collecting, and delivering to us such things as they possessed in abundance, but which we greatly needed.

They practice no kind of idolatry, but have a firm belief that all strength and power, and indeed all good things, are in heaven, and that I had descended from thence with these ships and sailors, and under this impression was I received after they had thrown aside their fears. Nor are they slow or stupid, but of very clear understanding; and those men who have crossed to the neighbouring islands give an admirable description of everything they observed; but they never saw any people clothed, nor any ships like ours.

On my arrival at that sea, I had taken some Indians by force from the first island that I came to, in order that they might learn our language, and communicate to us what they knew respecting the country; which plan succeeded excellently, and was a great advantage to us, for in a short time, either by gestures and signs, or by words, we were enabled to understand each other. These men are still travelling with me, and although they have been with us now a long time, they continue to entertain the idea that I have descended from heaven; and on our arrival at any new place they published this, crying out immediately with a loud voice to the other Indians, “Come, come and look upon beings of a celestial race”: upon which both women and men, children and adults, young men and old, when they got rid of the fear they at first entertained, would come out in throngs, crowding the roads to see us, some bringing food, others drink, with astonishing affection and kindness.

Each of these islands has a great number of canoes, built of solid wood, narrow and not unlike our double- banked boats in length and shape, but swifter in their motion: they steer them only by the oar. These canoes are of various sizes, but the greater number are constructed with eighteen banks of oars, and with these they cross to the other islands, which are of countless number, to carry on traffic with the people. I saw some of these canoes that held as many as seventy-eight rowers.

In all these islands there is no difference of physiognomy, of manners, or of language, but they all clearly understand each other, a circumstance very propitious for the realization of what I conceive to be the principal wish of our most serene King, namely, the conversion of these people to the holy faith of Christ, to which indeed, as far as I can judge, they are very favourable and well-disposed.

I said before, that I went three hundred and twenty-two miles in a direct line from west to east, along the coast of the island of Juana; Judging by which voyage, and the length of the passage, I can assert that it is larger than England and Scotland united; for independent of the said three hundred and twenty-two miles, there are in the western part of the island two provinces which I did not visit; one of these is called by the Indiane Anam, and its inhabitants are born with tails.

These provinces extend to a hundred and fifty-three miles in length, as I have learnt from the Indians whom I have brought with me, and who are well acquainted with the country. But the extent of Espanola is greater than all Spain from Catalonia to Fontarabia, which is easily proved, because one of its four sides which I myself coasted in a direct line, from west to east, measures five hundred and forty miles. This island is to be regarded with especial interest, and not to be slighted; for although as I have said I took possession of all these islands in the name of our invincible King, and the government of them is unreservedly committed to his said Majesty, yet there was one large town in Espanola of which especially I took possession, situated in a remarkably favourable spot, and in every way convenient for the purposes of gain and commerce.

To this town I gave the name of Navidad del Senor, and ordered a fortress to be built there, which must by this time be completed, in which I left as many men as I thought necessary, with all sorts of arms, and enough provisions for more than a year. I also left them one caravel, and skilful workmen both in ship-building and other arts, and engaged the favor and friendship of the King of the island in their behalf, to a degree that would not be believed, for these people are so amiable and friendly that even the King took a pride in calling me his brother. But supposing their feelings should become changed, and they should wish to injure those who have remained in the fortress, they could not do so, for they have no arms, they go naked, and are moreover too cowardly; ao that those who hold the said fortress, can easily keep the whole island in check, without any pressing danger to themaelves, provided they do not transgress the directions and regulations which I have given them.

As far as I have learned, every man throughout these islands is united to but one wife, with the exception of the kings and princes, who are allowed to have twenty: the women seem to work more than the men. I could not clearly understand whether the people possess any private property, for I observed that one man had the charge of distributing various things to the rest, but especially meat and provisions and the like. I did not find, as some of us had expected, any cannibals amongst them, but on the contrary men of great deference and kindness. Neither are they black, like the Ethiopians: their hair is smooth and straight: for they do not dwell where the rays of the sun strike most vividly,–and the sun has intense power there, the distance from the equinoctial line being, it appears, but six-and-twenty degrees. On the tops of the mountains the cold is very great, but the effect of this upon the Indians is lessened by their being accustomed to the climate, and by their frequently indulging in the use of very hot meats and drinks. Thus, as I have already said, I saw no cannibals, nor did I hear of any, except in a certain island called Charis, which is the second from Espanola on the side towards India, where dwell a people who are considered by the neighbouring islanders as most ferocious: and these feed upon human flesh. The same people have many kinds of canoes, in which they cross to all the surrounding islands and rob and plunder wherever they can; they are not different from the other islanders, except that they wear their hair long, like women, and make use of the bows and javelins of cane, with sharpened spear-points fixed on the thickest end, which I have before described, and therefore they are looked upon as ferocious, and regarded by the other Indians with unbounded fear; but I think no more of them than of the rest. These are the men who form unions with certain women, who dwell alone in the island Matenin, which lies next to Espanola on the side towards India; these latter employ themselves in no labour suitable to their own sex, for they use bows and javelins as I have already described their paramours as doing, and for defensive armour have plates of brass, of which metal they possess great abundance. They assure me that there is another island larger than Espanola, whose inhabitants have no hair, and which abounds in gold more than any of the rest. I bring with me individuals of this island and of the others that I have seen, who are proofs of the facts which I state.

Finally, to compress into few words the entire summary of my voyage and speedy return, and of the advantages derivable therefrom, I promise, that with a little assistance afforded me by our most invincible sovereigns, I will procure them as much gold as they need, as great a quantity of spices, of cotton, and of mastic (which is only found in Chios), and as many men for the service of the navy as their Majesties may require. I promise also rhubarb and other sorts of drugs, which I am persuaded the men whom I have left in the aforesaid fortress have found already and will continue to find; for I myself have tarried no where longer than I was compelled to do by the winds, except in the city of Navidad, while I provided for the building of the fortress, and took the necessary precautions for the perfect security of the men I left there. Although all I have related may appear to be wonderful and unheard of, yet the results of my voyage would have been more astonishing if I had had at my disposal such ships as I required. But these great and marvellous results are not to be attributed to any merit of mine, but to the holy Christian faith, and to the piety and religion of our Sovereigns; for that which the unaided intellect of man could not compass, the spirit of God has granted to human exertions, for God is wont to hear the prayers of his servants who love his precepts even to the performance of apparent impossibilities. Thus it has happened to me in the present instance, who have accomplished a task to which the powers of mortal men had never hitherto attained; for if there have been those who have anywhere written or spoken of these islands, they have done so with doubts and conjectures, and no one has ever asserted that he has seen them, on which account their writings have been looked upon as little else than fables. Therefore let the king and queen, our princes and their most happy kingdoms, and all the other provinces of Christendom, render thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who has granted us so great a victory and such prosperity. Let processions be made, and sacred feasts be held, and the temples be adorned with festive boughs. Let Christ rejoice on earth, as he rejoices in heaven in the prospect of the salvation of the souls of so many nations hitherto lost. Let us also rejoice, as well on account of the exaltation of our faith, as on account of the increase of our temporal prosperity, of which not only Spain, but all Christendom will be partakers.

Such are the events which I have briefly described.

Farewell.

Lisbon, the 14th of March.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,

Admiral of the Fleet of the Ocean.

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Le Contrat Social En Trois Questions Fondamentales

 (Paru dans Le Nouvelliste en Janvieer 2004)

 

Par Frandley Denis Julien

 

 

Depuis l’apparition sur la scène politique du Groupe des 184, le binôme Contrat Social est sur toutes les lèvres, dans toutes les conversations. Certains l’emploient parce que c’est joli, d’autres pour être conformes à l’air du temps, d’autres le critiquent sans rien y comprendre, beaucoup, de plus en plus nombreux, s’intéressent très sérieusement à la question et ap mande kisa bagay sa ye ?

 

La plupart des acteurs sur le terrain réduisent le contrat social à un simple consensus social ; c’est là une négation de l’un des aspects les plus fondamentaux du contrat qui est la détermination des rapports qu’échangent les citoyens avec l’Etat pris au sens de gouvernement, et vice versa ; en d’autres termes, pour que le Contrat Social puisse être effectif, le gouvernement doit y adhérer, ce qui nous donne une raison de plus, s’il en était besoin, de débarrasser le pays au plus vite du régime Lavalas. Et les gouvernements à venir doivent être l’expression de ce pacte.

 

Le contrat social une fois conclu, doit garantir la démocratie et les libertés fondamentales, le progrès économique et social, ainsi qu’une citoyenneté forte qui entretiendra des rapports d’interdépendance avec les éléments précités, à travers un cercle vertueux dans lequel nous n’avons que trop tardé à entrer.

 

Quelles sont les trois questions fondamentales auxquelles doit répondre le Contrat Social ?

 

I-                   Comment prévenir le penchant de tout gouvernement à déposséder les citoyens de l’exercice de la souveraineté ?

 

L’article 58 de la Constitution de 1987 est on ne peut plus clair :

La souveraineté nationale réside dans l’universalité des citoyens. Les citoyens exercent directement les prérogatives de la souveraineté par :

a)      L’élection du président de la République ;

b)      L’élection des membres du pouvoir législatif ;

c)      L’élection des membres de tous les autres corps ou de toutes les assemblées prévues par la constitution et par la loi.

 

article 59 : Les citoyens délèguent l’exercice de la souveraineté nationale à trois pouvoirs :

a)      Le pouvoir législatif

b)      Le pouvoir exécutif

c)      Le pouvoir judiciaire         

 

Mais que vivons-nous dans la réalité ? Nous avons été dépossédés, mais complètement dépossédés de l’exercice de la souveraineté qui est aujourd’hui l’apanage d’un seul homme qui ne se gêne pas pour offrir à ses amis, compagnons, courtisans , complices et à lui-même, des mandats à tous les niveaux de l’administration publique. D’autre part, M. Aristide contrôle complètement la Police, la Justice, la Cour des Comptes, les Conseils Électoraux successifs qu’il a vassalisés, etc.…  Or, la fraude électorale, au-delà de la victoire ou de la défaite des candidats, affaiblit considérablement la Nation, puisqu’elle infirme la notion d’égalité formelle des citoyens exprimée par la fameuse formule Un Homme, Une Voix. C’est un crime de lèse-citoyenneté. C’est ainsi que, contrairement au 21 mai, les bureaux de vote étaient scandaleusement clairsemés le 26 novembre en dépit de l’entrée en scène d’Aristide  –  alors supposé être l’Homme le plus populaire d’Haïti – car les citoyens savaient que leurs votes n’allaient pas être comptés, parce que le régime avait décidé de faire de ses opposants des non-citoyens. La question à se poser maintenant est la suivante : comment en sommes-nous arrivés là, alors que hier encore, en 1986, cette société avait affiché son refus non équivoque de la dictature ?  La réponse est simple : nous ne sommes pas encore arrivés à cristalliser nos aspirations de démocratie et de progrès économique à travers des institutions assez fortes pour transcender les hommes, quels qu’ils soient, et quels que soient leurs projets.

 

L’un des aspects fondamentaux du contrat social consiste à définir le rapport des citoyens à l’Etat, et vice versa ; la citoyenneté doit clairement signifier à l’Etat ce qu’elle attend de lui, ce qu’elle ne lui permettra pas, et comment elle entend collaborer à la réussite des projets de l’Etat, dans la mesure où celui-ci respecte les règles du jeu. Mais les citoyens ne peuvent pas se jeter dans cet exercice les yeux bandés ; ils doivent pouvoir compter sur des institutions fortes qui pourront servir de soupape de sûreté.

 

II-                Comment, à travers une vision consensuelle de l’avenir, intégrer les intérêts de tous dans la détermination de l’intérêt commun ?

 

Nous sommes  à un carrefour où nous nous rendons compte combien, quelles que soient nos différences de situations, nous sommes solidairement menacés par la dictature, la dégradation de l’environnement, la déshumanisation, l’insécurité, l’appauvrissement, le sida, la pauvreté humaine et mentale  etc.…

 

Il est évident que tout projet de développement doit partir d’un consensus de tous les secteurs autour d’une vision consensuelle de l’avenir. Notre pays est fortement caractérisé par le fossé qui sépare les plus riches des plus pauvres. Nous avons réalisé que ce fossé ne fait l’affaire de personne car les exclus de la société constituent une charge si lourde pour l’Etat et les nantis qu’ils rendent utopiques  -  ou plutôt chimériques -   le progrès, la démocratie et la paix sociale.

 

La déception engendrée par la trahison d’Aristide a sonné le glas du leadership sentimental en Haïti ; maintenant, il faut absolument que les pratiques politiques changent ; la population doit apprendre à évaluer les candidats à l’aune de leurs projets, de leurs plates-formes. Mais c’est une culture qui doit s’établir progressivement. Au prime abord, tous les secteurs de la vie nationale doivent se mettre ensemble pour donner le ton en arrêtant, à travers un événement dont il reste à déterminer la nature, les grandes lignes d’une vision nationale portant sur plusieurs décennies, vision qui devra inspirer les projets particuliers des partis politiques.

 

Le plus important dans cet exercice, c’est qu’il doit arriver à faire comprendre à tous les citoyens que sans la participation et l’engagement de tous, la vision ne pourra pas se concrétiser. Nos compatriotes doivent admettre que c’est  à l’universalité des citoyens qu’il revient de construire la prospérité, et ce faisant, de mettre en place des structures telles que les richesses nouvellement générées soient réparties de manière équitable, et contribuent à créer une société d’opportunités, et à rendre la société plus juste et moins asymétrique. Il faut que d’ici, chaque citoyen puisse faire des projections sur sa mobilité sociale, ainsi que celle de sa progéniture dans le temps. Le pays doit pouvoir permettre à tout un chacun de  planifier sa petite vie sur le long terme, à travers la grande planification nationale. Ce n’est qu’à ce prix que nous obtiendrons l’engagement de tous dans l’œuvre de reconstruction nationale, étant entendu que les individus n’acceptent généralement de se sacrifier pendant une longue période de temps que sur la base de leurs intérêts personnels. C’est aussi ce consensus qui nous permettra de désarmer les démagogues qui ne peuvent réussir qu’en dressant les secteurs de la vie nationale les uns contre les autres.

 

 

III-             Comment former en chaque citoyen ce sentiment d’obligation sans lequel le lien social se défait ?

 

A l’avènement d’Aristide au pouvoir en 1990, tout le monde était étonné de voir comment les Haïtiens étaient disposés à travailler au développement du pays ; beaucoup de pays ont mis à contribution ces moments au cours desquels un leader charismatique jouit d’un pouvoir quasi-religieux sur la majorité de la population pour canaliser les énergies de celle-ci vers le développement économique et social. Malheureusement, Aristide a profité de son incroyable ascendance sur le Peuple haïtien pour exacerber les tensions sociales, s’enrichir à outrance, détruire les institutions et progressivement tuer cet espoir de renaissance que cultivaient tous les secteurs de la vie nationale.

 

Aujourd’hui, la majorité de nos compatriotes tardent à revenir de leurs désillusions. Ils ne croient plus au changement. Par le Contrat Social, nous devons arriver à faire réaliser à tous les citoyens de ce pays qu’ils ne peuvent absolument se dérober à leurs devoirs civiques, comme personne ne peut leur renier leurs droits fondamentaux. Le citoyen doit comprendre que la Nation attend de lui qu’il contribue à sa consolidation, et qu’il respecte le droit à la différence dans l’égalité qui caractérise cet espace créateur de droits et de devoirs qu’est la citoyenneté.

 

Au-delà des solidarités particulières, le citoyen doit faire sien le Vouloir Vivre Ensemble sans le respect duquel la Nation ne sera qu’un ramassis de groupuscules mutuellement exclusifs.

 

 

Somme toute, dans la mesure où le Contrat Social arrive à fournir les réponses à ces trois questions fondamentales, la postérité nous retiendra comme la génération du renouveau et du rattrapage.

 

Frandley Denis Julien

Cap-Haïtien, le 26 janvier 2004

frandleyjulien@gmail.com

 

1/ Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Le Contrat Social, Flammarion, Paris, 2001.

2/Medina, Vicente, Social Contract theories : Critics and Defenders, Rowman and Littlefield, June 1990.

3/ Lessnoff, Michael, Social Contract Theory (Readingsin Social and Political Theory ),New-YorkUniversityPress, February 1991.

4/ Constitution de la République d’Haïti, 1987

 

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Petit Mémo contre la Pensée Unique (Publié dans Le Nouvelliste en Octobre 2004)

Par Frandley Denis Julien

 

C’est parce que j’ai vécu l’époque où le fait d’être anti-Aristide pouvait conduire à l’échafaud, qu’aujourd’hui je n’ai pas peur d’affronter la pensée unique en ce qui a trait aux forces devant assurer la sécurité nationale. Si les journées de terreur que connaît Port-au-Prince depuis un certain temps sont en train de mettre à nu les faiblesses de la Police Nationale, tout en constituant un éloquent plaidoyer pour les Forces Armées d’Haïti, il n’en demeure pas moins vrai que des secteurs vitaux de la vie nationale sont viscéralement opposés au rétablissement de fait de l’institution militaire qui existe encore de droit. Dans certains milieux, la lutte contre l’Armée prend des proportions inimaginables.

 

I-                              Brève typologie du mouvement anti-militariste

 

Il faut dire d’entrée de jeu que cette mouvance tend à s’assouplir face à la menace terroriste qui se précise à partir du Bel-Air. Cependant, à la moindre accalmie, elle reprendra ses vieilles rengaines. Le mouvement anti-militariste recrute ses ténors dans différents secteurs, et pour des raisons diverses. Il y a :

 

a)                  Ceux qui ont été victimes des abus de l’Armée, et ceux qui, en bon citoyens, sont révoltés par les torts causés par l’institution militaire au pays.

b)                  Les groupes qui, par conviction idéologique, affiliation internationale, doivent être anti-militaristes, et ceux qui, parce qu’ils avaient cautionné la décision inconstitutionnelle d’Aristide, n’ont pas le courage et l’honnêteté intellectuelle de faire leur mea culpa.

c)                  Les bandits et délinquants en col blanc qui voient l’Armée comme un obstacle au fonctionnement de leurs propres cellules mafieuses.

d)                 Ceux, enfin  ― les opportunistes ― qui pensent qu’il est aujourd’hui politiquement suicidaire de ne pas être anti-militariste.

 

 

II-                          Les arguments de la mouvance anti-militariste

 

Le front du refus de l’Armée est desservi par un argumentaire souvent spécieux, qu’il ne peut exposer sans remettre en question notre capacité en tant que Peuple de nous organiser tout court.

L’argument supposé massue est que l’Armée a fait trop de torts au pays. Mais il se trouve que la Présidence aussi a fait beaucoup de mal à ce pays ; faut-il abolir cette institution pour autant ? Peut-on le faire sans nous remettre en question de manière globale, ou ne devrions-nous pas plutôt prendre le temps de mieux concevoir nos institutions ?  La Police Nationale a beaucoup dérivé elle aussi, pendant qu’on y est. On n’a qu’à lire les derniers rapports la concernant, de la NCHR. Faut-il l’abolir pour autant ? Faut-il abolir le Conseil Electoral parce que les conseillers actuels se coupent l’herbe sous le pied comme s’ils allaient eux-mêmes aux élections l’un en face de l’autre, et que leurs prédécesseurs depuis 1995 nous ont roulés dans la farine ?  Ces errements institutionnels sont symptomatiques de nos improvisations et de notre amour du confort intellectuel. Nous devons concéder à solliciter plus souvent nos neurones, lorsqu’il s’agit de mettre en place nos institutions.

Le deuxième argument utilisé par nos amis les anti-militaristes est que face à l’armée Dominicaine, nos 7000 hommes ne représentaient rien. Cela est une négation de beaucoup de paramètres importants, dont :

a) Le rôle social de l’armée

b) Le caractère dissuasif de l’existence de l’institution militaire, indépendamment de son effectif.

c) Les avantages comparatifs liés à la connaissance du terrain en cas d’invasion.

Si cet argument tenait, le Mexique aurait déjà aboli son armée qui ne pourra jamais, en termes d’effectif, tenir la comparaison avec les forces armées américaines.

 

Le troisième argument est que l’Armée est budgetivore. Si l’on tient compte du rôle de la sécurité dans le développement aujourd’hui, on conviendra que l’absence d’une force adéquate de sécurité  coûte plus cher encore à l’Etat. Lorsque le moment viendra de lancer pour de bon ce pays sur la voie du développement, les investissements seront tellement importants rien qu’en matière d’énergie, qu’on ne pourra ne pas pouvoir compter sur une force sure pour les sécuriser. En dépit de leur présence en Irak, les Américains ont dû avoir recours à des compagnies privées de sécurité pour protéger certains sites stratégiques.

 

 

III-                         Scénarios de crise

 

Aujourd’hui, les Chimè du Bel-Air sont en train de défier la Police Nationale et la Nation entière. Mais, d’autres situations encore plus graves peuvent surgir à tout moment, surtout après le départ de la Minustha. Voyons-en deux :

 

a)                  Sous le gouvernement d’Aristide, Guy Philippe et ses hommes ont pu, en dépit de l’existence de la Police Nationale, traverser la frontière comme on entre dans un moulin, importer des armes de guerre, et occuper le plus clair du territoire national, jusqu’au départ du tyran. Ils l’ont heureusement fait pour la bonne cause. Mais quelle force, à l’avenir, pourra dissuader n’importe quel groupe de bandits d’en faire autant contre un bon gouvernement ?

b)                  Dans le contexte mondial actuel, une guerre ouverte avec la République Dominicaine demeure très improbable. Cependant, ce même contexte rend imprévisibles les actes que peuvent poser les Etats et les grands groupes économiques dans le cadre de la concurrence commerciale. Quelle force pourra empêcher que les Dominicains ( Etat ou groupes économiques ), commanditent des opérations de bousillage contre des objectifs stratégiques ( énergie, communication, installations commerciales et industrielles), via des mercenaires locaux ? Surement pas la PNH.

 

 

Conclusion

 

L’Armée d’Haïti telle qu’elle était à sa dissolution en 1994, ne répondait pas aux exigences d’un Etat désireux de connaitre la démocratie et le progrès véritables. La plupart de ses soldats sont incapables d’intégrer une force véritablement disciplinée, hiérarchisée, respectueuse de la loi et prête à se soumettre au leadership du pouvoir civil. Je ne prône aucunement le rétablissement des Forces Armées telles qu’elles étaient, avec les mêmes hommes. Cependant, nous devons nous rendre à l’évidence qu’aujourd’hui, il nous faut, en dehors de la Police, instituer une autre force armée qui puisse défendre l’intégrité du territoire, faire régner l’ordre et la stabilité, protéger la production nationale. Qu’elle soit une Garde Nationale ou un Armée, cela importe peu, pourvu qu’elle réponde aux besoins de la Nation en matière de sécurité et de stabilité.

 

Il y a une tendance de plus en plus forte allant dans ce sens depuis le début des événements du Bel-Air. Malheureusement, certains groupes et personnalités très écoutés, de peur de ne pas s’attirer les foudres des tenants de la pensée unique, utilisent des périphrases embarrassées ou des formules allusives pour parler du rétablissement de l’institution militaire. En en parlant à demi-mot, nous risquons de n’avoir que des solutions au rabais. Le destin d’une Nation se joue parfois à travers les prises de position d’hommes et de femmes qui décident d’aller à l’encontre de la pensée dominante du moment, assument leurs opinions, et s’en remettent au jugement de l’Histoire.

 

Frandley Denis Julien

Cap-Haïtien, le 22 octobre 2004

frandleyjulien@gmail.com

 

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The United-Nations’ Epic Failure in Haiti


By Frandley Denis Julien

frandleyjulien@gmail.com

On June 1st, 2004, The United Nations’ Security Council adopted UN Resolution 1542, instituting the United-Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, Minustah. The resolution itemized the mission’s main objectives as follows: “maintain stability, build capacity to maintain the operations of state institutions, coordinate aid to ensure that it does not exacerbate the unequal distribution of wealth and opportunities that have long fueled instability in the country, promote and protect human rights”, and its expected accomplishment was to “facilitate an all-inclusive dialogue and national reconciliation”.

An objective assessment of the mission’s performance can only be performed by measuring its accomplishments, or lack thereof, against the yardstick of the aforementioned stipulations of its mandate. Seven (7) years after the mission’s deployment, Haiti is as unstable as before, the institutions as weak as ever; the mission spends its budget mostly on its staff, and the political scene is so polarized that more than three months after president Martelly’s election, he had been unable to have his picks for Prime Minister ratified by parliament. A budget of $793.517.100 was approved to cover the Minustah’s operations from July 1st, 2011, to June 30th, 2012.

On the human rights question, not only has the mission failed to fulfill its mandate, but to add insult to injury, its members have come to be known as the most vigilant human rights violators in the country. Throughout Haiti, a plethora of acts of physical and sexual abuse perpetrated against both men and women, young and old, has dotted the mission’s already far from pristine reputation. In August 2010, the lifeless body of Gerald Gilles, a 16-year old civilian employee of the Minustah was found hanging from a tree inside the mission’s base in Cap-Haitien. Members of the Nepalese contingent that occupy that base later claimed that the youngster had hung himself, but ear witnesses from the neighboring Hotel Christophe testified having heard him yell “they are strangling me”. Justice is yet to be served and the investigation has been short-circuited. The same year, these same Nepalese soldiers dumped their contaminated waste waters in the country’s rivers, triggering an outbreak of cholera—certified by several independent scientific teams to be from Nepalese origin—that resulted in the death of several thousand people, and the contamination of even more. Most recently, during the month of August 2011, four Uruguayan troops collectively raped a Haitian minor by the name of Johnny Joseph, capturing their hideous act all along on camera, prompting Uruguay’s president to extend his apologies to his Haitian counterpart.

Moreover, it is obvious that because the Minustah has become such a lucrative venture for both its members on the ground and UN officials, they have no interest in a stable, sovereign and prosperous Haiti. After the January 12th, 2010 earthquake, the UN decided to increase both the Minustah’s budget and size. However, scores of the newly deployed members reside in the neighboring Dominican Republic in order, as the United-Nations organization shamelessly puts it on its own website (in the body of the 2010-20111 budget document), to “reduce the exposure of UN personnel and property to potential disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes, as well as criminality and riots”. In other words, the Minustah cannot stand the heat, while some of his functionaries perceive tax-free salaries of up to $166.475.00, with hazard pay of up to $17.000.00. and generous cost of living allowances.

At this juncture of Haiti’s History, it is important that Haitians assume their civic duty, and reclaim the country’s national sovereignty from the UN mission that is nothing else than a costly distraction; indeed, its presence on the ground contributes to the deterioration of the security, human rights and political situations, and delays the time where Haitians will feel summoned to get together and come up with a national solution to said situations.

It’s time for a gradual withdrawal of the UN’s failed mission in Haiti. Haitians are ready to answer the call of duty.

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